Career Satisfaction And Employee Retention For Novice...

We have learned that nursing theory defines nursing as a practice and is based on conceptual frameworks. For framework to be developed into theory one must start with a concept to provide a structure. A concept is a generalized idea that when placed in context will develop its meaning and application in addition to advancing the knowledge of a specific area (Meier, 2013). A concept analysis’s purpose is to examine the basic elements of a concept that are used for theory development and define its attributes (Meier, 2013). The aim of this concept analysis will be to gain a broader understanding about the concept mentoring and how it is linked to employee satisfaction and employee retention to novice nursing staff. In an article from the Oklahoma Nurse journal it is mentioned that mentor programs and mentorship allows for continued growth for novice staff (Davis and Maisano, 2016). Dr. Benner s theory of Novice to Expert provides support that a novice to expert relationship occu rs in a mentoring relationship; this relationship will lead to career satisfaction and intent to stay in nursing (Mariani, 2012). This mentoring concept analysis will follow an outline of concept definition with defining attributes in addition to a literature review to examine current themes, facts, and ideas about the concept. To provide addition clarity of mentoring, antecedents and consequences will be described. To measure the concept has occurred, empirical referents will be explored. To conclude,Show MoreRelatedFactors Affecting The Work Environment On Health Worker Shortages And Improving Access And Quality Of Health Services1196 Words   |  5 Pagespush factors for retention (Burns, Bradley and Weiner, 2012, pg.445). The factors that contribute to forcing workers to leave the public sector include: workload and staff shortages are contributing to burnout, high absenteeism, stress, depression, low morale, and de-motivation (Burns, Bradley and Weiner, 2012, pg.445). It is al so shown that poor working conditions also contributes to preventing staff morale and motivation and it also contributes directly to recruitment and retention (Burns, BradleyRead MoreThe Factors Affecting The Work Environment On Health Worker Shortages And Improving Access And Quality Of Health Services1347 Words   |  6 Pagespush factors for retention (Burns, Bradley and Weiner, 2012, pg.445). The factors that contribute to forcing workers to leave the public sector include: workload and staff shortages are contributing to burnout, high absenteeism, stress, depression, low morale, and de-motivation (Burns, Bradley and Weiner, 2012, pg.445). It is also shown that poor working conditions also contributes to preventing staff morale and motivation and it also contributes directly to recruitment and retention (Burns, BradleyRead MorePreceptorship Program Proposal At A Medical Center1703 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessional pathways. Studies have shown strong proof, evidence of the impa ct that role models have on others, especially newly licensed registered nurses as enhanced learning and influence in career paths of students and graduates is seen (Elzubeir amp; Rizk,2015). Preceptor programs provide a new staff with planned, individualized orientation whilst easing their transition into their new work experience and environment. In this paper, the evolution and evaluation of preceptorship program proposalRead MoreNursing Leadership Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthe job description, coupled by the performance evaluation process, builds the foundation for initial and continued employment for all employees throughout an organization. Once the job description is finalized in writing, it is required that every employee review and sign this document at initial employment and when any modifications are made. The essential functions section of the evaluation is specific to each role and is a portion of the overall performance appraisal process. These essential functionsRead MoreRetention of Experienced Nurses2671 Words   |  11 PagesRetention of Experienced Nurses There are many challenges facing today’s nursing leaders and managers. From staffing and scheduling, to budget cuts and reduced reimbursements, today’s nursing leaders must evolve to meet the ever changing health care environment. Constance Schmidt, Chief Nursing Officer at Cheyenne Regional Medical Center (CRMC), identified retaining experienced registered nurses (RN) as one of the biggest problems she faces as a nursing leader. She went on to state â€Å"NationallyRead MoreIncivility Of Organizations : Who Is The Blame?1775 Words   |  8 Pagesplaygrounds as it brings back memories of our own experiences with unsavory characters. Unfortunately, experiences of incivility cannot be relegated to childhood, because as employees many are faced with a work environment that impedes success and job satisfaction, due to inappropriate and uncivil behavior by peers and supervisors. Although student nurses may complain about incivility in medicine, research shows that it is an issue almost every industry must address (figure 1). Incivility in the workplaceRead MoreEssay on Nursing Turnover: Costs, Causes, Solutions2923 Words   |  12 Pageschallenges in human resource planning, to high costs in financial and organizational productivity (Beecroft et al, 2008), to workgroup processes and morale, to patient safety and quality of care (i.e. patient satisfaction, length of patient stay, patient falls, and medication errors) (Bae et al, 2010). Nursing Solutions Inc (NSI) reported the national average turnover rate for hospitals increased from 13.5% in 2012 to 14.7% last year. Nurses working in Med/Surg had more turnover than any other specialty withRead MoreProfessional Studies : Strategic Human Resource Management3515 Words   |  15 Pagesconsidered a large non-profit organization. The last several years have been a challenge for Youth for Christ. A dwindling ec onomy has led to decreased donations, budget cuts, and downsizing of staff. Budget cuts have affected all areas of the organization and have led to lower motivation, decreased retention, and higher turnover levels. To better understand the state of Youth for Christ and provide recommendations for improvement, it is important to understand the background of the organization, anyRead MoreImpact of Employee Turnover on Sustainable Growth of Organization in Computer Graphics Sector of Karachi, Pakistan Fahad Abdali Director, South Asian Resources Group, Karachi – Pakistan7979 Words   |  32 Pages2229 - 5313 Impact of Employee Turnover on Sustainable Growth of Organization in Computer Graphics Sector of Karachi, Pakistan Fahad Abdali Director, South Asian Resources Group, Karachi – Pakistan Abstract The overall purpose of this study was to find out the effect of employee turnover on sustainable growth of organization in computer graphics sector of Karachi, Pakistan. This study specifically finds out the main causes and ground realities of the problem of employee turnover on sustainableRead MoreCompassion Fatigue9142 Words   |  37 PagesCOMPASSION FATIGUE AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS A PROPOSAL PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF UNIVERSITY OF THE VISAYAS CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN NURSING MAJOR IN NURSING MANAGEMENT BY: CONCHITA BRANZUELA BERGADO CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM INTRODUCTION: Quality of life among healthcare providers will matter on the quality and safety of patient care. Today the proportion of acute

Russias Solution to Drug Use - 1439 Words

Russia has arguably the worst drug problem in the world. It struggles with a growing number of drug addicted individuals and a large drug trafficking problem. Due to its lack of border controls, Russia has become an integral part of the international drug trade. With the withdrawal of international militaries from Afghanistan, heroin importing and the number of heroin addicts only stand to grow. Facing these problems, Russia desperately needs a solution to its drug problem in order to avoid the cataclysmic effects of international drug trade that would undoubtedly harm millions of lives throughout the world. The size of Russia’s drug trade, both domestic and international has not always been as large as it is today. A UN study on the Russian drug trade has described Russia as â€Å" a country in which a variety of illegal drugs are produced, transited to final markets in Western Europe, and consumed by a growing number of young people. The former USSR did not participate significantly in the international narcotics markets as a consumer or supplier of illicit substances. This pattern of relative self-sufficiency, however, drastically changed during the 1990s, at the same time as Russian drug demand consistently expanded and diversified.† (MPICC, 5). The UN findings indicate that because of the downfall of the Soviet Union the Russian drug trade has drastically expanded because of the governmental and economic collapses. The fall of the Soviet Union left many people who turned toShow MoreRelatedUse of Force646 Words   |  3 Pagesseveral times a day. This addictive drug is called krokodil because it turns the user’s skin a scaly green color. Soon it rots the flesh, causing the user’s skin to emulate that of a crocodile, leaving bone and muscle tissue exposed to the world. The chemical behind krokodil, desomorphine, it is available as a morphine substitute shortly after laboratory synthesis in 1992. Desomorphine is eight to ten times more potent than morphine. The medicinal use of desomorphine was concentrated to EuropeRead MoreThe Science Of Destruction By Brian Caswell1368 Words   |  6 Pagesmany aspects of the novel which paint the world of science in a negative light, but Caswell focuses on three main facets: how scientific research can be abused and used solely to benefit individual gain, how the misuse of experimental and torturous drugs can have severe and incomprehensible negative impacts as well as the negative impact research can have on a researcher’s mental state. As the story progresses, Caswell’s view on science becomes clearer and readers can determine for themselves whereRead MoreThe Pengagons New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century by Dr. Thomas P.M. Barnett1772 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the Gap, in a region with multiple Gap states, or isolated in a region with Functioning Core states , think Israel, and North Korea. He believes the way to prevent another 9/11 is to export security, US Armed Forces, to Seam and Gap states and uses post WWII Europe and Japan as models and historical evidence. His theory suggests by shrinking the Gap to protect our interest’s the US must reshape the military and how we currently fight to match the tactics within the Gap because state-on-stateRead MoreUnderground Economy4900 Words   |  20 Pageseconomic activity which is not measured by government statistics. This can include a range of different economic activities not measurable by the government, such as: smuggling alcohol, tobacco and fuel,weaponry prostitution, copyrighted media,illegal drugs. It includes: ââ€" ª Selling goods illegally e.g. criminal goods; ââ€" ª Selling goods and services and not declaring income earnt; ââ€" ª Self sufficiency (If a farmer grows his own food, he will not appear to have any income, his sustenance comesRead More Policy Proposal for Economic Reform in Russia Essay2745 Words   |  11 Pages Engaging in these reforms would lower the extremely high transaction costs of doing business legally, stimulating a wave of new investment and wealth creation within Russia, as well as encouraging investment from abroad. While the causes of Russia’s economic problems are numerous, the absence of a rule of law causes enormous unpredictability and uncertainty that is the primary barrier to economic growth. The regulatory mess caused by presidential decrees, legislative changes and numerous bureaucraciesRead MoreEssay on The Russian Mob4523 Words   |  19 Pagesmarket economy. It will illustrate how organized crime has done this by analyzing its transition from the USSR to the Russian Federation, the reasons behind its existence today, and how its operation impairs Russia’s attempts at a market economy. It will also provide some possible solutions for the crises organized crime has created, which currently plague the Russian people. Organized crime has worked its way through openings provided by the transition economy to become a setback to the RussianRead MoreGun Homicides And Mass Shootings Have Taken The Spotlight1780 Words   |  8 PagesMerriam-Webster defines gun control as th e regulation of selling, owning, and use of guns (Gun). Gun ownership in certain countries, such as the United States, has increased while others have seen little to no difference in gun ownership rates, such as in the United Kingdom. Those opposed to gun control will use evidence for a decrease in homicides through an increase in gun ownership. Those in favor of gun control will use evidence of heavy regulation on firearms to limit the accessibility of gunsRead MoreBuy A Gram Or Keep It Banned?2119 Words   |  9 PagesBuy a Gram or Keep it Banned? For years society has been taught that marijuana is â€Å"a bad drug†. Is society just letting their great grandparent’s discrimination ruin the bright future of marijuana? Research has shown numerous medical uses that have saved lives or aided in treatment of common diseases. Marijuana has never had any known overdoses or negative health effects by adult users. Marijuana has the possibility to generate millions in revenue, primarily at the state level if legalized and taxedRead MoreProblems of Modern Russia Essay2202 Words   |  9 Pagesof some Russians to leave due only strong influence of propaganda of Western countries. What should we and government do? There is no single answer to this question, as the radical solutions can greatly affect the relations between Russia and the countries from which these migrants come. There are different solutions: We can deport all illegal immigrants home, but it would require large expenditures for the state. We can introduce a visa from the mills, where most illegal migrants arrive. â€Æ' Read MoreA Short Note On The Cargo Airport ( Dme ) Is Russias International Air Cargo Hub1758 Words   |  8 PagesDomodedovo Cargo Airport Domodedovo Cargo Airport (DME) is Russia’s main international air cargo hub and is located 22 kilometers south of Moscow. It is the country’s largest and busiest airport; providing transportation for over 22 million passengers each year. It is also the country’s most technologically advanced airport and has a cargo warehouse area of 14,800 square meters (159,306 square feet). Its cargo capacity is 600 tons of cargo per day and it provides a full range of cargo handling services

Fundamentals of Investing Bonds and Real Estate

Question: Discuss about theFundamentals of Investingfor Bonds and Real Estate. Answer: Introduction The investment decisions involve sensitive matters; therefore, the investors need to be attentive while analyzing different alternatives for investment. There are different investment alternatives available in the market such as stocks, bonds, real estate, trust units, and bank term deposits (Swedroe Kizer, 2010). The different alternatives differ in regard to risk and return profile. The equity stock is considered to be riskier as compared to bond; however, equity stock also has potential to provide return greater than bonds. Thus, if the risk is high then return will also be high. It is the approach of the investor which decides the investment alternative. A risk-averse investor would like to invest in less risky alternatives disregarding that the return will be low while a risk taking investor would like to invest in high return alternatives disregarding that the risk will be high (Markowitz Blay, 2013). Thus, the investment analysis covers the analysis of risk and return and the choice of investment depends upon the approach of the investor towards risk and return. In this context, the report presented here covers the analysis of different investment alternatives for Mr. R who is a high net worth individual. Analysis of Available Investment Options In the current case Mr. R, a high net worth investor, is considering investing SGD 5 million in the real estate in Singapore. For this purpose, he has identified six alternatives such as two property stocks, two REITs, and two real properties. There are two companies from real estate property sector namely Prosper Ltd. (PL) and Mega Ltd. (ML). The prosper Ltd is an established company as depicted form the large market cap of $13.50 billion while Mega Ltd is small cap company with total market cap of $085 billion (Appendix-1). The earnings per share of Prosper Ltd are $0.75 which is higher than that of Mega Ltd of $0.15. This indicates that the financial performance and position of Prosper Ltd appears to be better than Mega Ltd. However, the performance in the stock market of the both the companies is opposite of each others financial performance. The analysis of 52 weeks price range shows that Mega Ltd possesses more potential to provide higher returns than Prosper Ltd. The percentage changes in 52 weeks have been found to be 67% ($10.50-6.30/6.30) and 280% ($3.80-1/1) for Prosper Ltd and Mega Ltd, which is indicative of higher return potential of Mega Ltd (Schlichting, 2013). Further, the dividend yield of Mega Ltd is also higher than Prosper Ltd by a good margin. Mega Ltd provided a dividend yield of 2.25% whereas Prosper could maintain only 1.75% (Appendix-1). In addition to this, the stock of Mega Ltd also seems to be undervalued depicted from the low PE ratio. Mega Ltd has the PE ratio of 7.30 times whereas Prosper Ltd has the PE ratio of 12 times. Further, the price to book value ratio of Mega Ltd is also lower than Prosper Ltd, which also confirms that the stock of Mega Ltd is undervalued (Schlichting, 2013). The price to book valued ratio has been found to be 0.79 times ($1.1/1.4) and 1.15 times ($9/7.80) for Mega Ltd and Prosper Ltd respectively. The undervaluation of stock depicts a prospect to buy the stock (Reilly, 2013). Further, there are two REITs namely A-REIT and B-REIT being considered for investment. B-REIT has investments in the malls and office blocks while A-REIT has invested in industrial factories and warehouses. B-REIT is a large cap real estate trust with $12.50 billion as against $2.50 billion of A-REIT (Appendix-1). Further, the dividend yield of B-REIT is 5.50% which is greater than that of A-REIT. Moreover, the analysis of 52 weeks range depicts that the percentage changes are 190% ($2.90-1/1) and 92% ($2.50-1.30/1.30) for B-REIT and A-REIT. The higher percentage change depicts more potential for return (Schlichting, 2013). Another option available for investment to Mr. R is real properties in Singapore. There is residential condominium located at Orchard/Tanglin Roads with an asking price of S$2,200 per square feet for a total area of 1200 sq. feet. The expected monthly rental on this property is $6,500 to 9,000. Further, there is another property referred as commercial office in Tanjong Pagar/Robinson Road area with price of S$2,600 per square feet for total area of 1000 feet. The monthly rentals on this property are expected to be $7000 to $9,500. Considering the rentals and cost of purchase, the percentage annual return on both the properties is arrived at as under: Property Location Purchase cost Average Annual Rent % P.a. return Residential Condominium Orchard/Tanglin Roads 2,640,000 7,750 0.29% Commercial Office Tanjong Pagar/Robinson Road 2,600,000 8,250 0.32% It could be observed that the return on investment in case of commercial office is greater than the return of residential condominium. However, it is further observed that both the properties analyzed above are providing lower return than the interest on fixed deposit which is 1%. Thus, the return from the annual rental is lower on the properties, but there exists opportunities for capital returns in the form increased prices of the properties in future. In this regard, it has been found out that the prices of residential properties in Singapore are falling down as depicted in the chart given below: Figure 1: Housing Prices in Singapore (Source: https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Asia/Singapore/Price-History) The falling prices in the residential properties in the Singapore make it less preferable choice for investment. Further, prices of the commercial properties are also decreasing (Delmendo, 2016). Recommendations From the analysis conducted above, it is recommended to Mr. R that he should select more than one investment options. The analysis of risk and return depicts that investment in real properties in Singapore might not be worthy. Thus, there remain two choices such as real estate stocks and the REITs. In this regard, it is further recommended that investment should be made in both the alternatives i.e. the stocks and the REITs. In regard to stock, the stock of Mega Ltd is preferable for investment because it has more potential for return than the stock of Prosper Ltd. Further, the stock of Mega Ltd is also undervalued showing the potential for capital gains later on. In regard to REITs, it is recommended that Mr. R should opt for B-REIT for investment as it has higher dividend yield (5.50%) and it also has higher return potential. However, the risk might also be higher in this case, but considering the risk appetite of Mr. R it recommendable option to invest in B-REIT (Glassman, 2010). References Markowitz, H.M. Blay, K. 2013. Risk-Return Analysis: The Theory and Practice of Rational Investing (Volume One). McGraw Hill Professional. Reilly, F.K. Brown, K.C. 2011. Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. Cengage Learning. Schlichting, T. 2013. Fundamental Analysis, Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis on the Stock Market. GRIN Verlag. Delmendo, L.C. 2016. Singapores house prices continue to fall. Retrieved 21 February 2017, from https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Asia/Singapore/Price-History Glassman, S.A. 2010. The Best Investment Advice Is Sometimes About What Not to Do. Pearson Education.

Missouri Compromise Essays - History Of The United States

Missouri Compromise For years Americans had been practicing slavery. It had become a widespread practice by the 1800s. In fact, it was a practice that had been around since the birth of our nation. Throughout the last decade, the colonists had been listening to their consciouses, in the back of their minds; they knew that slavery was wrong. They were beginning to take note and realize how cruel it actually was. Finally, in 1820, there was a minority of congressmen that rose up and took a stand. It was then that the small, but important steps were made toward equal rights. In 1820 a man by the name of Henry Clay told the nation how he felt about slavery. Missouri, a state that was beckoning to join the union, practiced slavery. The balance of slave states and free states had been 12 and 12 for the past 15 years. The Americans simply didn't want to disrupt that balance. Finally, an agreeable compromise was made. The Missouri Compromise stated that Missouri would in fact be admitted into the union-as a slave state. And Maine would also be admitted into the union as a ?free? state. Therefore maintaining the balance of free and slave practicing states. This compromise in no way solved any sort of problem-it only ?swept the dirt under the rug? so to speak. This compromise lasted a mere 34 years. Basically, all it did was manage to postpone a growing problem. Eventually, this compromise heralded the break up of the union. As Thomas Jefferson predicted, ?the problem will burst on us like a tornado.? His prophecy was correct- it did with the Civil War.

Duty of Care

Apparent Rationale for Writing the Policy According to Groves (2004) the apparent rationale why the department of education came up with the duty of care policy was to ensure that all teachers across the country are aware of the relevant legal issues pertaining to the duty of care they owe to the students who are under their custody (p. 3).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Duty of Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For proper clarification the document defines what the duty of care is, the definition of other legal terms, offers the legal implications which revolve around the duty of care, and explains the role of other policies and regulations which are concerned with the provision of duty of care to the students. The duty of care students’ policy document is a legal document which was formulated by applying the policies and law so as to safeguard students while they are in the custody of their teacher s (The Department of Education, 2010). This policy acts as a guideline to the rules and policies which schools have set up. It merely states the definition of duty of care, what situations the teachers owe a duty of care to their students and under what circumstances do the non-teaching staff owe a duty of care to the children. Issues covered by the policy The policy of duty of care was put in place so that teachers and other members of the school staff could protect students from the risk of harm when they are under their custody by exercising the duty of care (Preston, 1993). Children while in school engage in many activities, some of which might be dangerous or hazardous. It is therefore the duty of the teachers and other members of the school staff to ensure that the activities which the students are involved in do not cause harm or injuries to them. According to this policy, teachers will only owe a duty of care to the students while they are in the school premise or undertakin g a school activity (Tronc, 2004). The duty of care does not extend to the activities which the students conduct while they are outside the school unless stated otherwise. This policy therefore explains in detail what the duty of care is, when should it be exercised, who should be responsible for the care and once the law has been breached, who will be held responsible. According to this law, teachers owe a duty of care during their journey to and from the school if it is authorized by the school, students who arrive to the school ground before the commencement of studies, students who are found at the school grounds after the school day ends and students who leave school when the classes are still going on (Ikeda and Gustafson, 2002). However, the teachers, volunteers and the non-teaching staff owe a duty of care to their students if the above situations are conducted according to the guidelines and standards set by the school. When harm occurs to a student and the school guideline s were breached then the school does will not take responsibility (Killen, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Subjects to the Policy Requirements The school management, the school staff and the parents are subject to the policy requirement. This is because the students are always in the custody of the school or their parents almost all the time. The subjects of this policy therefore need to work together to ensure that the safety of the students is maintained at all times, in and out of the school (Marlone, 1999). The policy is very important since it assures that students are safe and free from harm while they are at school or they are involved in other school activities (Ewing et al., 2007). This gives both their teachers and their parents a peace of mind because they know that the safety of the students is guaranteed. This is because the teacher is expected to exercise a reaso nable care to the students, an act which will prevent an act of harm which was foreseen to happen from happening. The fact that there is an adult supervising the students all the time guarantees that reasonable care is being exercised at all times. Importance of the Policy The duty of care policy is a document of great importance especially in the management of student affairs while they are under the school custody. Through its implementation, teachers have known in details what duties they owe to their students, when to exercise these duties and the methods which can be used in the application of reasonable care while mitigating the issues which can cause harm to students. As a result therefore, teachers have become even more cautious in the handling of students and ensure that the students are safe at all times. This has reduced the chances of harm occurring (Ewing et al., 2007). The document has also stated the situations under which the duty of care of students is owed by the s chool and when it is not. This has made it easy to solve disputes which arise when harm occurs on a student and neither the school nor the parent wants to take responsibility. The document is thus used for reference to avoid further dispute and a solution to the problem is arrived at easily. This is because the school, the parents and the students have their rights which should be respected at all times. This came as a solution to the problem of blaming one another in the event when harm has occurred (Groves, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Duty of Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The document is also used as a guideline which the school uses while conducting its operation. Every other policy concerning the safety or the security of the students has to be consistent to this policy. The schools therefore come up with good policies which aim at ensuring the safety of the students while at school is ma intained and guaranteed (Ewing et al., 2007). Hypothetical Situations Normally students arrive in school at around 7.40 am while the teachers arrive around thirty minutes later. During this time when there is no staff supervision, students might be exposed to a lot of harm and hazards. If harm happens on the students during this time then the school will be liable (Whitton et al., 2010). The school therefore should develop a roster system whereby there will be a teacher on duty who will be present at the school before the start of teaching to supervise the students who arrive early. The school should also set the time before which no student is allowed to be at the school premise. This information should be sent to all parents through the news letter. During this time students should be directed to a specific place where the teacher on duty can easily supervise what they are doing (The Department of Education, 2010). There are students who remain behind after school hours to engage in sports or any other co-curriculum activities. The duty of care for these students therefore falls under the coaches and patrons of these activities. It should be however be noted that these people will only assume the duty of care if the activity they are involved in is authorized by the school. If the activity is not authorized by the school then the supervisor will be working privately and in the event when harm occurs the principle of vicarious liability will not apply (Crouch, 1996). The fact that the name of the team which these students were being referred to or the uniforms and the costumes they were putting on concur to the school does not mean that the activity was authorized by the school. Parents should therefore be aware which activities are authorized by the school. There are situations when students leave the school during school hours. This is because it is a general rule for schools not to allow students to leave the school grounds before the end of the day unless the parent of the student grants the permission. A school can only allow a student to leave the school where parental permission has been given.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To ensure that the safety of the student is guaranteed, before leaving the school premise, a student should have a note from the parent which specifically states the reasons for the student to be excused from classes. The note should clearly state the reason why the student should be absent from school, the duration of the day when he/she is going to be absent and the period which the trend is going to continue. In addition a written acknowledgement should be made to the school by the parent who should state that the school shall not be held liable if harm happens to the student while being outside the school. The school should also ensure that the student will be safe once he/she is out of the school premise. Once out of the school premise legally, the school does not owe a duty of care to the student (The Department of Education, 2010). References Crouch, R.W. (1996). School Sport and the Law. The Practising Administrator, 3, 26-28. Ewing, R., Le Cornu, R. and Groundwater-Smith, S . (2007). Teaching Challenges Dilemmas.  South Melbourne: Thompson. Groves, S. (2004). Duty of Care: Good Practice Guidelines for Academic and Administrative  Staff. South Melbourne: Thompson. Ikeda, M., Gustafson, J.K. (2002). Heartland AEA 11’s problem solving process:  Impact on issues related to special education (Research Rep. No. 2002–01). Johnston, IA: Heartland Area Education Agency 11. Killen, R. (2005). Programming and Assessment for Quality Teaching and Learning.  South Melbourne: Thompson. Marlone, M. (1999). Education Policy and Law. The Witness. Web. Preston, B. (1993). Teacher professionalism: Implications for teachers, teacher educators and democratic schooling. Independent Education, 23(4), 4-12. The Department of Education. (2010). Duty of Care for Students. The Department of Education. Web. Tronc, K. (2004). Schools and the Law. The Practising Administrator, 1, 22-24. Whitton, D.B., Nosworthy, K., Sinclair, C. and Nanlohy, P. (2010). Learni ng for  Teaching: Teaching for Learing. South Melboune: Cengage Learning. This report on Duty of Care was written and submitted by user Liam Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Questions Labor Relations Essay Example

Questions Labor Relations Essay Example Questions Labor Relations Paper Questions Labor Relations Paper However, it is not absolutely necessary for teachers to be unionized to ensure that they have their labor protection and financial needs met. Emerson) When unions completely vanish, Americans lose their right to bargain collectively for their pay and benefits. Even those who have never bargained collectively will feel some loss. Union workers usually maintain a 20% wage advantage over nonunion workers. From 1979 through 2006 the union density collapsed and real wages for managerial employees rose by 4%, whereas before the collapse during its peak, real wages rose by 75%. Workplace dissatisfaction does not occur as much as alienation. Union members tend to segregate themselves from nonunion members. This operation seems to OCCUr to allow union members to protect themselves and their union rights; where they find strength in their one-for-all and all- for-one stance. 2. List and discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages in using seniority as a factor to determine shift preference or overtime assignments. Personnel based off of seniority allows for one to look at the longevity of the worker and their knowledge of how the system works. If an employee has been with a corporation/industry for several years, they know the ropes of not only their job potentially, but the job of their manager and other nifty title tricks that can be useful when promoting or moving an employee up the ranks. A new employee, though they are vigorous and very hard working in their duties, need to be established and have already been invested in with training with their current job. To fill the job once again after recently employing the current positions is expensive for HER. Since seniority based personnel has more knowledge of the company and a greater long-term investment, it is more likely when there is an economic downturn to layoff new workers rather than those that have been with a company over an extended period of time. This is an advantage when factoring the determination of shift preference or overtime assignments since there is loyalty from the employee and it would be best to satisfy those that managers feel that they can count on. Small Business) The downside of using seniority of the workplace to determine shift/overtime scheduling is that some workers that are unionized tend to be less proactive on assignments and may take twice the time to finish a project than a younger individual who has a better work ethic. On a personal note, I am fairly new at my current job. I have been here for only 5 weeks, whereas some employees have been working at the retail outlet for 3-5 months. Have been promoted more quickly through the ranks due to my work ethic and now am an assistant manager for the outlet store. Because of my bill ¶y to work hard, can request time off or particular schedule changes when needed for medical appointments or as I am tying to schedule my wedding. Also, anyone beneath the ranks of assistant manager are not allowed to work over 39 hours, whereas managers are eligible for overtime work compensation pay. 3. Identify two different steps a company should take to prepare for its first round of bargaining with the union pre-negotiation activities. Explain why each of the steps you have identified is critical to achieving an initial successful collective bargaining agreement with the union. Both parties should bargain in good faith in the collective bargaining process; meaning that there is a mutual obligation and understanding that both parties must participate actively to come to an agreement. It is important determine the category of bargaining: mandatory, permissive, or illegal. Mandatory category includes wages, health safety, management risk, work conditions, and benefits; permissive category is non- required requests but are brought up during the bargaining process; illegal category is topics that are obviously not allowed to be discussed. Aids) After both parties are prepared to present their side of the bargain, negotiation teams are set up and consist of individuals with the knowledge of the organization and must have the skills to be an effective negotiator. The most important part of the preparation step is the understanding in both parties of he working conditions and the dissatisfaction with of working conditions. The management teams should also prepare and anticipate union demands to better prepare for compromises. Aids) After both sides have prepared and set up a time, the novo parties present their proposals to each other. In this step, it will likely involved an opening statement and options on how to resolve the current issues that will be presented. The most important part of this step is to approach the proposal with a lets make it work attitude. After the initial discussion, each party goes back to the drawing board to determine which request can and cant be honored. (Aids) 4. Identify and explain the major ways in which the government is an important participant in the labor relations.

Native English Teachers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Native English Teachers - Essay Example It has been seen that there are problems with the varying standards for native speakers teaching in higher education in foreign countries. The main issue is the acceptance of a criteria for standardization and qualifications necessary for teaching English. Further, once the standards are established, there is a need to define a process for assessing the English teachers' performance and qualifications. Also, the English teachers' professional growth and career development are needed to be defined and actively pursued by the school authorities. The current study is therefore aimed at evaluating the standards and qualifications of English Teachers and in assessing what are the current and future gaps in qualifications and requirements. Native English speakers are increasingly facing challenges due to the globalization of the language. English is no longer one language or a language owned by one country alone. With the advent of globalization and media liberalization across the world, English has become a language of communication for people with different mother tongues and dialects (Burns, 2005). English is used not only with different accents but with innumerous nuances and local additions to it. Under the circumstances, there is a need for the Native English teachers to move away from the mindset of being a simply a teacher of the language to become some one who himself learns the concepts and traditions of the local people. Thus, an immediate requirement for the Native English teacher trainings is to include content on local usage of English, as well as on the local cultural and social environment. This requirement can however be met only by the consent of the authorities who develop and sanction training and content material for the English teachers, and this may require time spent on obtaining field data or in evaluating the scope of such an approach. However, there is another approach that the teachers themselves can follow in order to be able to teach better in a global educational environment. This is by adopting a reflective approach to teaching instead of using a

International Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Law - Research Paper Example The creator has a right over his â€Å"intellectual creation.† Pedreira of Lawyers.com expounds further that, intellectual property law protects the creative works of authors, composers, designers, and inventors from being pirated or copied without their consent. His intellectual property right over his creation or invention may be modified as when he enters into a license agreement. In such an agreement the creator gives someone permission to do a certain activity to or to use his intellectual creation. The firm that obtains the license agreement can now distribute the intellectual creation or â€Å"goods† within the domestic and international market. As the domestic and global operations of the small firm expands, demands increase and consequent production triples, the small firm might not be able to handle the costs for the same. The solution is to borrow capital. If there are insufficient investors from the country, it may become necessary to seek investors outside of the country. This is called foreign direct investment and is defined by Graham of Citibank â€Å"as a company from one country making a physical investment in buildings, machinery and equipments. Such investments require planning for the risks that will occur in your business.† Planning is crucial to the success of the endeavor. This process is called Managing risks. This necessitates insurance coverage to cover most if not all possible risk factors. Cruz (1982) defines International law as â€Å"that branch of public law which regulates the relations of states and of other entities which have been granted an international personality.† An article appearing in the Cornell University’s Law School’ website expounds on this definition. Accordingly, there is a public international law and a private one. Public International law refers to questions of rights between several nations; or questions between nations and the citizens of other nations.

Analyzing Employee Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Employee Management - Assignment Example The aim of the review is to identify and analyze different practices and policies that are associated with employees and employers. The article begins by identifying the need to monitor employees since employers are liable for their mistakes at work. Defamation, sexual harassment and racial discrimination are the three cases identified and analyzed. In both cases verdict, the essence of proper monitoring within the company became a key factor. Employers were charged and fined due to improper use of monitoring and in some cases won the cases due to proper monitoring (DelPo, & Guerin, 2011). According to the article under federal law, a right to privacy exists (US Constitution) in case of an actual or subjective expectation of privacy as deem reasonable by society. The federal statutes have monitoring policies that safeguard privacy of everybody and the companies’ rights. The practices of wiretapping such as internet monitoring and telephone and cellular phone surveillance assis t the employer to deal with infringers according without making a blanket judgment. Employee Polygram Protection Act is another policy that the article discusses in regard to privacy issues. It is essential that employee subjected to this procedure must prior be informed the necessary requirements and reason for conduct. Fair and credit reporting laws safeguard the employers from fraudulent cases, though employees must be instructed of limitations. The article analyzes the state laws that govern employees and guide employers on the expected and tolerated conducts (Muir, 2003). These are referred to as the common laws and include common law right to privacy, common law wrongful termination and common law on the employer’s non-fraternization policies. There are four theories associated to common law right to privacy. They include intrusion upon seclusion of another, public disclosure of private life information, appropriation of other’s likenesses or name and publicity t hat

Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+

Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+ Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+ During Anodic Disolution of Iron in NaCl Electrolyte R.K Upadhyay1, Arbind Kumar2 and P.K Srivastava3 Abstract: Taguchi’s orthogonal array L9 has been effectively used to study the effect of process parameters such as voltage, feed rate and electrolyte concentration on material removal rate in context of two different types of electrolyte namely aqueous NaCl solution and electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions. The results indicated that Cu2+ has a catalytic effect on the anodic dissolution of iron, which restrict the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and increases the dissolution rate during machining. The experimental results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method to investigate the significance and percentage contribution of individual process parameters on performance characteristics. Key Words: Electrochemical Machining, Aqueous NaCl, Cu2+, Parameters, Oxidation, Material Removal rate. Introduction: Electrochemical machining (ECM) has got an industrial importance due to its capability of controlled atomic level metal removal1. It is an anodic dissolution  process based on electrolysis, where the application of a more traditional process is not convenient. ECM has been successfully employed in aerospace, automobile industries and now gaining much importance in the electronics and other high-tech industries for the fabrication of micro components2-3. Mask less and through mask electrochemical micromachining techniques have been successively used thin films and foils of materials those are difficult to machine by other methods4-5. Electrochemical machining is low voltage (5-25 volt) machining process which offers high metal removal rate and also capable to machine hard conductive materials into complicated profiles without any thermal damages thus suitable for mass production work with low labor requirements6-7. The dissolution rate is highly reliant on the selection of electroly tes and its current carrying capacity. On increasing the concentration of electrolyte solution dissolution rate also increases but excess concentration allows the crystal formation, which may damage the accessories of ECM and reduce the volume of electrolyte in flow pipes. The conductivity of electrolyte depends not only on the concentration but also on ionic interaction. Thus, the current carrying process done by the base electrolyte is small, but H+ and OH ions produced in electrolysis of water play important role8-9. The achievement of higher dissolution rate in ECM is a strong research base which is possible by change in composition of electrolyte solution to promote catalytic effect during dissolution10. During electrochemical machining of iron at low current density it has been observed that Fe+ cation formed very easily but it is highly unstable and immediately oxidizes into Fe2+ state. Increase in current density leads to simultaneous production of Fe2+ and Fe3+, at higher current density apparent valence of iron increases above three11. Therefore, to stabilized Fe2+ in the aqueous solution is a challenge during dissolution. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PRINCIPLE OF ECM: Fig 1 Experimental set-up ECM is an anodic dissolution process works on the principle of Faradays law. While machining of iron in presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution the following chemical reactions are observed12. Reactions at Cathode: Na+ + e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Na Na + H2O à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ NaOH + H+ 2H+ + 2e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ H2 It shows that only hydrogen gas will evolve at cathode. When pure iron is being machined electrochemically the following reactions would occur13-14. Fe à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe2++ 2e Fe2+ + 2Cl à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ FeCl2 Fe2+ + 2(OH) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe(OH)2 FeCl2 + 2(OH) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe(OH)2 + 2Cl 2Cl Cl2 + 2e 2FeCl2 + Cl2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ 2FeCl3 H+ + Cl à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ HCl 2Fe(OH)2 + H2O +O2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ 2Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ FeCl3+ 3H2O FeCl3+ 3NaOH à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl It shows that during electrochemical machining of iron in NaCl electrolyte, iron is removed as Fe(OH)2 and precipitated as sludge while sodium chloride is recovered back. Due to further reaction, formation of Fe(OH)3 is also possible Which, confirms the existence of iron in +2 and +3 states during dissolution. Determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in electrolyte solution: The electrolyte solution containing Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was collected. Fe+2 ions were determined directly by titrating a known volume of iron electrolyte solution with K2Cr2 O7 in acidic medium (HCl). Cr2O7 2- + 6Fe+2 + 14H+ = 2Cr+3 + 6Fe +3 + 7H2O Internal indicator N- phenyl anthranilic acid was used to mark the end point. Fe+3 ions were determined after all the Fe+3 ions are reduced into Fe+2 ions with SnCl2 in presence HCl in hot. Sn+2 + 2Fe +3 = Sn+4 + 2Fe+2 The solution was then cooled and excess SnCl2 was removed by adding HgCl2 solution. 2Hg+2 + Sn+2 +Cl = Sn+4 +Hg2Cl2 (white ppt) Titration of known volume of standard solution was done using standard solution of K2Cr2O7 in acidic medium. From the volume of K2Cr2O7 used, the total amount of Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was determined. The amount of Fe+3 ion was determined by subtracting amount of Fe+2 which is determined earlier. Material removal rate during electrochemical machining is greatly influenced by dissolution valence. As the dissolution valence decreases MRR increases. In this paper an approach is made to enhance the electrochemical dissolution of iron through control of valency (transition) therefore, in this direction, use of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ is suggested. The dissolution limit of iron by Cu2+ ions can be is justified by considering the standard electron potential E ° for Cu2+, Fe/Fe2+and Fe/Fe3+ described as follows15. Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E ° = +0.34V Fe2+ + 2e- Fe E ° = -0.44V Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ E ° = +0.77V As E ° for Cu2+ Cu is more positive than Fe2+ Fe, Cu2 +will oxidize Fe to Fe2+. However, as E ° for Cu2+ Cu is less positive than Fe3+ Fe2+, Cu2+ will not oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Making electrolyte solution: 250 gramsof NaCl was mixed with400 gramsof CuSO4 in10 litersof water. The mixture is stirred well for 2 minutes then heated until it loses its green color. The crystals of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and copper chloride (CuCl2) were removed by filtering the solution and thi the solution thus obtained was saturated solution of Na2SO4 containing Cu2+ ions which participates in anodic dissolution process. MACHINING CONDITIONS: Following machining parameters are selected on the basis of performance characteristics, Table1: Machining conditions for analysis SELECTION OF MACHINING PROCESS PARAMETERS Table 2 shows machining parameters and selected levels for experimental procedure Table 2: Process parameter and their levels Measurement of MRR The initial weight of the work piece was taken for calculation of MRR. Keeping the flow rate constant at 15 lit/min and the rest of the parameters are set according to table 1 for each run. Work piece was kept horizontal, and cylindrical electrode was used for machining. Gap between tool and workpiece was maintained carefully to avoid the choking. The electrode was fed continuously towards the work piece during machining and time was recorded. After machining, the cavity was formed on the work-piece. The final weight of the work-piece was taken and material removal rate was calculated as per the following formula: MRR= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: The design resulted in total of eighteen experiments, which are performed at 10V-18V supply voltage, 10-30 g/lit electrolyte concentration and 0.0001-0.0005 cm/sec feed rate as the values for the control variables. The responses measured are Material removal rate (MRR) Scheme of the experiments is as shown in Table 3. Table 3: Taguchi L9 OA for MRR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) when machinating in presence of NaCl electrolyte solution: Percentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during electrochemical machining of iron in aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution is shown in table 4 and represented graphically in figure 2. Table 4: ANOVA for MRR [NaCl as electrolyte] Fig 2. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution Regression Equation: MRR= -0.01096 +0.002296Voltage +64.0FeedRate +0.000540Concentration. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(2) The equation (2) shows that Feed rate is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown in figure 3 are plotted from the regression equation (2). Fig 3. Main Effects Plot for SN ratios (NaCl electrolyte solution) Figure shows the main effect plot of the MRR depicting the effect of various machining parameters on MRR. As seen from the plot obtained, the MRR increased with increase in both voltage and feed rate. This is due to the fact that with increase in voltage the current increases in the inter electrode gap thus increasing the MRR. Feed rate is another important parameter. Increase in feed rate results in decrease of the conducting path between the workpiece and the tool hence resulting in high current density thus enhancing the rapid anodic dissolution. An overall increase in the MRR was also observed with increase in the concentration as the larger number of ions associated with the machining process which increases the machining current and thus results in higher MRR. Effects of selected process variables (i.e. Voltage, Feed rate and Concentration) on material removal rate (MRR) at different sets of conditions while machining in presence of aqueous NaCl solution are shown in figure 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c). Fig. 4(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 4(b) Effects of Feed rate on material removal for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage, Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit. Fig.4(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 V NaCl electrolyte tend to promote the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ during the dissolution process the maximum MRR obtained during machining of iron in aqueous NaCl solution recorded was 0.0653 cm3/sec. Although the higher concentration of NaCl is favorable for better MRR but excess concentration allows the crystal formation which reduces the volume of electrolyte in flow pipes and also affects the dissolution rate. Analysis of variance when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions Percentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during electrochemical machining of iron in electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions is shown in table 5 and represented graphically in figure 5. Table 5 ANOVA for MRR [electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions] Fig 5. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions Regression Equation: MRR = -0.0157 +0.002908Voltage +75.3FeedRate +0.000602Concentration. .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (3) The equation (3) shows that voltage is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown in figure 6 are plotted from the regression equation (3). Fig 6. Main Effects Plot for SN ratios (electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions) The oxidation of Fe2+ in to Fe3+ is restricted due to the presence of Cu2+ in electrolyte solution which promotes the higher dissolution rate during machining. The influence of selected process variables i.e. Voltage, Feed rate and Concentration on material removal rate at different sets of conditions in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions are shown in figure 7(a), 7(b) and 7(c) respectively. Fig. 7(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 7(b) Effects of Feed rate on material removal for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage, Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit. Fig. 7(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 V. The maximum MRR obtained during machining of iron in presence of Cu2 electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions was 0.0774 cm3/sec, which is 18.5% more when compared with aqueous NaCl electrolyte. CONCLUSION The electrochemical characteristics of iron in aqueous NaCl solution and electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions has been analyzed experimentally to investigate the influence of process parameters on MRR. The Process parameters such as voltage, feed rate, Electrolyte concentration, were successfully controlled. The different combinations of these parameters were used for the experimentation in order to determine their influence on MRR. The experiment was performed by varying all parameters in combination as per L9 orthogonal array. The experimental observations support the conclusion that the presence of Cu2+ ions in electrolyte solution restrict the further oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and enhance the low valence dissolution of iron during machining. Design of experiments and analysis of variance helped in identifying the significant parameters affecting MRR. The best combination of the parameters are Voltage= 18 V, Feed Rate=0.0005 cm/sec and electrolyte Concentration = 20 g/lit whe n using a solution containing Cu2+ ions as electrolyte. The maximum MRR obtained was 18.5 % higher when compared with aqueous NaCl electrolyte for the same set of working conditions. Acknowledgement: I express my sincere thanks to Department of Applied Chemistry BIT Extension Centre Deoghar for their cooperation to conduct the experiments in order to observe the catalytic behavior of Cu2+ ions. References: 1.Sekar T, Marappan R. Experimental investigations into the influencing parameters of electrochemical machining of AISI 202. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 2008; 7(2):337-43. 2.Bhattacharyya B, Munda J. Experimental investigation on the influence of Electrochemical machining parameters on machining rate and accuracy in micromachining domain. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 2003; 43(13):1301-10. 3. Kozak J, Rajurkar KP, Makkar Y, Selected problems of microelectrochemical machining Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2004; 149: 426– 431. 4. Bhattacharya B, Doloi B and Sridhar PJ. Electrochemical Micromachining: New possibilities for Micro- Manufacturing. J. Material. Proc.Tech 2001;113:301-305. 5. Bhattacharyya B, Malapati M, Munda J, Sarkar A. Influence of tool vibration on Machining performance in electrochemical micro-machining of copper International Journal of Machine Tool and Manufacture 2007; 47: 335–342. 6.Hocheng H, Sun YH, Lin SC, Kao PS. A material removal analysis of Electrochemical machining using flat-end cathode. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2003; 140:264- 268. 7.Yong L, Di Zhu, Yongbin, Zeng, Shaofu Huang, Hongbing Yu. Experimental Investigation on Complex Structures Machining by Electrochemical Micromachining Technology, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2010; 23:578-584. 8.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of electrolyte on current- carrying process in ECM, I Mech E Part C J. Mechanical Engineering Science 2007; 221:1415-1419. 9. Byk MV, Tkalenko DA and Tkalenko MD. On participation of hydroxide ions in the anodic dissolution of metals in aqueous electrolyte solution. Prot Met t 2004; 40(3): 294-296. 10.Ayyappan S and Sivakumar K. Investigation of electrochemical machining characteristics of 20MnCr5 alloy steel using potassium dichromate mixed aqueous NaCl electrolyte and optimization of process parameters.Proc I MechE part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture 2014. 11.Srivastava PK, Kumar R, Barhai PK. Energy Profile and Thermodynamic Feasibility of Iron(I) during Electrochemical Machining of Iron.International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2013; 41:1146-1158. 12.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of over voltage on material removal rate during Electrochemical Machining. Tamkand Journal of Science and Engineering 2005; 8: 23- 28. 13. Neto JC.d.S, Silva, EMd, Silva MBd. Intervening variables in electrochemical machining Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2006; 179:92–96. 14.Mount AR, Muir RN. Dissolution characteristics of iron and stainless steels in chloride under electrochemical machining conditions; Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007;154: 3: E57; E61. 15. Electrochemistry 3: Cell potentials and thermodynamics, chemwiki.ucdavis.edu †º Analytical Chemistry †º Electrochemistry (2014, accessed 15 May 2015). Stephen K. Lower. Redox equilibria in natural waters: Chem1 Environmental Chemistry, http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c3redox.pdf(1998, accessed 15 May 2015). 1

Competition Techniques :: essays research papers

Competition Techniques   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A complete pole vault jump is best explained by breaking it down into 9 basic steps. The steps are pre-run preparation, beginning the run, the acceleration and pole drop, the speed plant, the take off, the Tap Swing, the rockback, the clean to turn to push, and the Bar clearance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First thing to do after warming up properly is to step to the back of the runway and place the left foot on the starting mark. The right foot will be slightly behind and to the right of the left foot for good balance. Hold the right hand along side of the body at or above the waist. The left hand holds the pole a few inches in front of the chest. The pole is balanced in an almost vertical position. The vaulter should be in a position ready to drive off the starting mark.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, to begin the run, the right hand remains constant at the waist. The top hand holds the pole a few inches away from the chest as the initial body lean and push-off of the left foot tilts the pole toward the pit. Drive hard off the left foot to get the pole moving. Transfer the weight of the pole into the right hand. The legs are driving the hips. The hips are driving the top hand and the top hand is driving the tip of the pole. Relax the drive and work into a smooth accelerating run.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, the pole vault acceleration and pole drop begins at the starting mark and ends when the tip of the pole hits the back of the box. The pole tip has a smooth and constant drop to a horizontal position during the acceleration and pole drop. The height of the pole tip dictates the speed and form of the run. The run gets faster and the turnover of the feet moves forward under the hips as the pole tip drops. If the right hand gets behind the hips during the acceleration and pole drop push it forward going into the left foot as the pole reaches its level position. The vaulter may have to raise his or her elbows slightly to get the pole to a perfectly level position. For the high school pole-vaulter this position is about hip level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, the pole vault speed plant starts on the left foot two strides before the take-off.

Old Man Asleep

This essay aims to show how three poems are similar in some ways but yet different in some circumstances. Two of them are written by the same poet and so should share some characteristics, which she uses throughout her writing. Elizabeth Jennings wrote â€Å"Old Man Asleep†, which is about a lonely old man who has no one, but due to his anger and pride seeks companionship but rejects it when offered; and because of this he cannot wait to die. Elizabeth Jennings also expresses this feeling of wanting to die in â€Å"Eighty One Years Old† also. The old woman in this poem wants to be left alone, but she won't be and so the only time she is happy is when she is by herself. â€Å"Warning† by Jenny Joseph is also about old age but it expresses different views, such as the lady in this poem cannot wait to be old so she can enjoy it. A similarity shared by all three of the poems is that they deal with old age. Elizabeth Jennings talks about the house ridden, helpless old aged person, whilst Jenny Joseph talks about the mobile pensioner who roams around. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† has no rhyming pattern, this is a point shared by Jenny Josephs â€Å"Warning†. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† has a four-stanza structure and this is a similarity, which is shared by the other poems. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† has a morbid tone. It is dark as it talks about death, it provides a vague image of an old man because it does not use adjectives ands the reader cannot picture what the scene looks like. This morbid tone is shared by â€Å"Eighty One Years Old†. The same poet writes these poems and Elizabeth Jennings could intentionally do this, there is nothing, which can be used metaphorically to compare the morbid ness of death. This is completely different to the imagery used in â€Å"Warning†, it is bright and uses warm colours even though it is dealing with a painful subject. The reason for this is that she is welcoming old age, â€Å"When I am old I shall wear purple†. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† is written in the first person narrative, which is the same method used in â€Å"Eighty-One years old† this makes it an autobiographical piece. The difference between â€Å"Old Man Asleep and the other poems is its structure. Every fifth line is indented, and does not need a full stop to finish a line. The content is also different. It talks about a man loathed by those around him and ignores the help given to him. There is only one person who loves him his wife who is blinded by love so she does not see his cold exterior. â€Å"All are afraid, except his wife who must Have kept the image of Him being gentle, does not see he's changed.† This old man could have once being superior and has found it hard that he has nothing left so he treats life and those around him bitterly. â€Å"Eighty-One years old† is similar to Old Man asleep each line starts with a capital letter, but it has a difference as it rhymes irregularly to the pattern of (ABBACC), it is the only poem which rhymes. The content is also different. It talks about a woman who is cared for, but she does not care she wants to be left to wither and die. This is similar to â€Å"Old Man Asleep† as it also written in the fist person narrative. It also deals with death and the way the elderly depend on others. The people in both these poems are the same, they feel wasted and want these patients to die, but they hide their feelings as they are at work. â€Å"And guilty thoughts, no doubt, will come To nurses who had wished her dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The setting for this poem is a hospice, that is why Elizabeth Jennings mentions â€Å"peace† as that is the purpose of a hospice to offer not a cure but spiritual peace for the patient. â€Å"Even the priest who brings the Host Cannot provide the peace but stays To join in mumbled words of praise.† This point is further proved as people are always around a patient in a hospice so when they die they know they were not alone. â€Å"And that is what she longs for most- To be alone, when no one stands With filled but with unhelping hands.† In â€Å"Warning† by Jenny Joseph, the title suggests and sums up the poem. It is optimistic, she is warning those around her she is changing and the difference between this and the others is that she shows a positive attitude to ageing gracefully and wants to enjoy it whilst the other characters in the other poems cannot wait to die. â€Å"And make up for the sobriety of my youth.† (â€Å"Warning† By Jenny Joseph) â€Å"She wants to die and all of us Agree although we do not say;† (â€Å"Eighty-One years old† by Elizabeth Jennings) â€Å"He hates, yet wants, our pity, Having so little time To find compassion for his own near death† (â€Å"Old Man Asleep† by Elizabeth Jennings). Another difference is the tone it is lively, whilst the others are metaphorically dark. This poem, which has a different narrative style for each stanza. â€Å"When I am Old† is when she starts to daydream of what life will be like for her. â€Å"You can wear† this is a conversation with someone. She assertively suggests what she is going to do. â€Å"I shall go out in my slippers in the rain†. A difference to the other poems is that it is written child like. A child uses long sentences and regularly repeats itself to get its point across. This is shown in the poem as there is a lot of repetition of â€Å"And† and â€Å"shall†. † And I shall spend my pension on brandy and summer gloves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I enjoyed reading all three poems as it gave a insight into the life of an elderly person, the poets deal with the same topic but they have a different view towards it. Elizabeth Jennings poems have more similarities, than differences compared to Jenny Josephs. This is because even though they are different poems they are written by the same poet and so will share some attributes. I believe these are good poems as they share the same theme old age, I have shown similarities and difference, which show the likeness of these poems, but how they are different especially with their views.

Study of Peak Oil and Gas Essays

Study of Peak Oil and Gas Essays Study of Peak Oil and Gas Essay Study of Peak Oil and Gas Essay In 2004. the universe production of oil was estimated at merely over 29. 7 Bbl. The corresponding universe ingestion for oil during the same period was estimated at 29. 6 Bbl of oil. go forthing a excess of merely under 0. 1 Bbl at the terminal of the twelvemonth. In the United States. one of largest consumer markets for oil and oil merchandises. from the first hebdomad in September 2004 to the first hebdomad in September 2005. gasolene monetary values increased by a astonishing $ 1. 22 per gallon to $ 3. 12 before dropping to $ 2. 25 on November 21. 2005. These figures are rather reeling sing that contracts for petroleum changed custodies at 10 USD/barrel in 1999. With the outgrowth of China in the planetary market and its increasing demand for oil. it is projected that unless oil companies are able to increase the universe production by puting investing in oil and natural-gas production oil monetary values could increase exponentially over the following 10 ( 10 ) old ages. The obvious factor in finding the supply of oil in the universe is the sum of oil that can really be extracted and processed. Oil is basically a non-renewable energy beginning and can non be replenished once it has been extracted from the land. The function of oil companies and states is non in the existent production of oil but in it rationing. A web of scientists called the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas ( ASPO ) which is affiliated with a broad array of planetary establishments and universities surveies the depletion rate of oil. ASPO surveies concern themselves in finding the day of the month and impact of the extremum and diminution of the world’s production of oil and gas. due to resource restraints. The ASPO uses the Peak Oil Theory or the Hubbert Peak Theory which is a method of patterning known oil militias and production rates and routinely used by oil companies to foretell future outputs of bing oil Fieldss ( Legget. 2005 ) . Using this theoretical account. it has been projected that the universe oil production growing tendencies. in the short term. have been diminishing over the last 18 months. Average annual additions in universe oil production from 1987 to 2005 were 1. 2 million barrels per twenty-four hours ( mbbl/d ) ( 1. 7 % ) . Global production averaged 84. 4 mbbl/d in 2005. up merely 0. 2 mbbl/d ( 0. 2 % ) . from 84. 2 mbbl/d ( 13. 4 million m? /d ) in Q4 2004 ( Legget. 2005 ) . ASPO predicts that conventional plus unconventional oil production will top out around 2007 What this information fundamentally means is that the current supplies of oil all over the universe are being depleted and newer beginnings have non yet been discovered. To convey the supply of oil up once more. oil companies must put more in turn uping more oil Fieldss and besides develop new engineerings to better the current refinement processes to let for a more efficient production of oil. This first factor in the supply of oil is fundamentally dependent on the existent sum of oil that can be produced and processed and besides considers the capacity of oil companies to polish oil more expeditiously and to tap other beginnings of oil ( Deffeyes. 2005 ) . This factor nevertheless besides to a great extent depends on the capital investings that oil companies make in the oil industry. One of the chief factors which affect the demand for oil is the monetary value of oil. But given the fact that oil is a necessary resource and that it is a non-renewable energy beginnings. the supply can fundamentally merely remain at a certain Peak degree depending on the sum which can really be processed and the demand besides remains at a certain degree even if oil monetary values continue to lift ( Case. 1999 ) . Normally. if the resources were renewable. there would be perfect snap between the supply and the demand in proportion to the addition or alteration in the monetary value. Therefore. if the monetary value of oil were to increase. it would theoretically ensue in the demand for oil to diminish ( Case. 1999 ) . This premise nevertheless can non be applied to the instance of oil because. as mentioned earlier. oil is a non-renewable resources and remains as the primary beginning of energy in the universe today. This shows the inelastic demand for oil. The ground for this is that since oil remains the chief energy beginning in most states. the demand for oil will stay changeless despite the alterations in the monetary value of oil ( Case. 1999 ) . While theoretically it is expected that there will be a greater demand for oil if the monetary value lessenings. it is of import to factor in the fact that more authoritiess around the universe are implementing energy salvaging policies every bit good as seeking to cut down to dependence on oil as an energy beginning by developing alternate beginnings of energy ( intercrossed autos. solar power. hydroelectric power ) ( Simmons. 2005 ) . The fact that oil is a non-renewable resource must besides be considered. The following factor which affects demand for oil is the handiness of alternate energy beginnings which are cheaper ( Bilgen. 2004 ) . The presence of replacements in a market allows the demand for oil to diminish if the monetary value continues to increase ( Case. 1999 ) . Before discoursing this factor. it is of import to retrieve that the development of alternate energy beginnings is non in proportion to the increasing rate of demand for oil. The presence of replacements in a market affects demand because any addition in the monetary value of the trade good means that the consumers have an alternate and can take down their demand for the trade good and purchase the replacement alternatively ( Case. 1999 ) . The same rule applies for oil except that it must be remembered that the development of these replacements or alternate beginnings of energy takes a well longer sum of clip than conventional replacements. However. under the premise that there are already alternate beginnings of energy available in the market. it can be expected that the demand will respond consequently to any addition in the monetary value of oil. The dependance on oil as an energy beginning will diminish therefore cut downing the demand for oil in proportion to the monetary value additions ( Pimentel. 1998 ) . The challenge remains nevertheless for states and authoritiess to happen ways to happen alternate energy beginnings to cut down the universe dependance on oil as an energy beginning and ease the load that the increasing monetary values have on the consumer. While the authorities may efficaciously modulate its usage. the best solution is still in the development of energy replacements for the market ( Pimentel. 1998 ) . Other factors which besides have an consequence on the demand for oil are things such as the authorities ordinances on the usage of fossil fuels. energy salvaging runs and environmental ordinances. The authorities can implement these steps by increasing revenue enhancements or enforcing mulcts. The consequence that this has on demand is simple. The authorities ordinances efficaciously cut down demand because the consumers are restricted from purchasing more oil. By promoting the execution of energy salvaging policies. oil ingestion is besides greatly reduced therefore impacting the demand. The demand for oil therefore is affected by many factors such as monetary value. handiness of replacements. and authorities intercession in the signifier of revenue enhancements. energy ordinances and monetary value controls. Mentions: Bahree. B. ( 2006 ) Investing by Oil Industry Stalls November 8. 2006 Wall Street Journal November 2006 Bilgen. S. and Kaygusuz. K. ( 2004 ) Renewable Energy for a Clean and Sustainable Future. Energy Sources 26. 1119 Case. K. and Fair. R. ( 1999 ) . Principles of Economics ( 5th ed. ) . Prentice-Hall Deffeyes. K. ( 2005 ) . Beyond Oil: The Position from Hubbert’s Peak. Hill and Wang publication House. Hill and Wang United States Leggett. J. ( 2005 ) . The Empty Tank: Oil. Gas. Hot Air. and the Coming Financial Catastrophe. Random House. Pimentel. D. ( 1998 ) . Energy and Dollar Costss of Ethanol Production with Corn Hubbert Center Newsletter. 98/2. M. King Hubbert Center for Petroleum Supply Studies. p. 8. Simmons. M. ( 2005 ) . Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy. Random House

Five Views on Sanctification Essay Example

Five Views on Sanctification Essay Example Five Views on Sanctification Paper Five Views on Sanctification Paper All Christians in a process of their spiritual development realize the need of living a holy or sanctified life. However, there is no one uniform view on how sanctification can be achieved. â€Å"Five Views on Sanctification† comprises a gathering of studies of five major Protestant views on sanctification. Each author presents his own understanding of sanctification, and responds to the opinions of others. Melvin Dieter summarizes the Wesleyan View, Anthony Hoekema explains the Reformed view, Stanley Horton presents the Pentecostal view, McQuilkin presents the Keswick view, and John Walvoord explores the Augustinian-Dispensational view.In this book Protestant theologians address such topics as possibility of success in sanctification, the way to achieve it, crisis experience after a person’s conversion, as well as other issues connected with the concepts and processes of sanctification. The book is written in a counterpoints manner, which allows reader to examine stren gths and weaknesses of each view and make reasonable conclusions.The Wesleyan View derives its name from John Wesley, an English theologian and evangelist. Dieter summarizes that Wesley saw the final goal of sanctification as a renewal of â€Å"mens and womens hearts in (Gods) image† (Dieter 15). The achievement of this goal could be implemented on practice in a person’s physical existence. His understanding of connection to God was through love, which was the key factor in gaining Christian maturity and achieving sanctification. In his opinion, a person’s heart turns to God after acquiring â€Å"a faith that works by divine love in the crucible of everyday life† (Dieter 12).Wesleyan view strongly supports the idea of the original sin, and as a key factor in purification process on the way closer to God it points out â€Å"prevenient grace†, which is the initial step in the process of sanctification and â€Å"the beginning of the process by which God begins to lighten the darkness of the Fall for all men and women; it will bring those who faithfully receive it to saving grace, sanctifying grace, and grace for the life of love (Dieter 25). Wesley believed that the process of sanctification has no limits; there is no point where a Christian could stop his development. He also believed that regardless a person’s Christian maturity, there is always a possibility of committing a sin. As for the law, Wesley believed that it was enclosed in the Sermon on the Mount, saying that â€Å"the Ten Commandments are renewed in the Sermon on the Mount in their sanctifying purity and spirituality and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dieter 26).Under the Reformed view sanctification can be achieved under three main conditions: experience of a growing union with Christ, sanctification by truth, sanctification by faith. The concept of sanctification according to the Reformed view is describe as â€Å"that gracious operation of the Holy Spirit, involving our responsible participation, by which He delivers us as justified sinners from the pollution of sin, renews our entire nature according to the image of God, and enables us to live lives that are pleasing to Him† (Hoekema 61). There are two outcomes of sanctification according to Hoekema: the proximate and final goals of sanctification. The final goal of sanctification is the glorification of God, and the proximate result is perfection, or likeness of Christ.Positional sanctification concept from the Pentecostal Perspective is similar to the Reformed view. This type of sanctification occurs at the moment of belief, involves the believer being set apart from the world to follow Christ, puts believer in perfect relationship with God, and sets Christians free to do Gods will. According to Horton, in order to achieve sanctification Christians demonstrate a complete obedience to the God’s will. Pentecostals reject the possibility for Christian to achieve a perfect sinless s tate, leaving space for an opportunity of a believer being weakened by sin. On of the most unique features of this view is baptism by Holy Spirit, which occurs after a Christian reached salvation and it empowers through the filling of the Spirit (Horton 130).According to the Keswick view, Christian life should be based on the forcing progress and victory, such as overcoming temptation, growth in obedience, improvement of self-control, resulting in the increased joy. The followers of the Keswick movement were represented by theologians with different persuasions and beliefs, and therefore the Keswick view does not have a well-defined concept of sanctification. However, McQuilkin summarizes sanctification as a setting apart for service to God. Those who achieve sanctification receive holiness and separate from sin. McQuilkin points out three main kinds of sanctification: positional, experiential, and permanent. The first is realized after a Christian’s conversion and results in justification in front of God. Experiential sanctification can be compared to the progressive sanctification of the Reformed view, and the author describes it as the outworking of ones official position in daily life† (McQuilkin 153). Transformation to the new life and the achievement of the likeness of Christ of the believer marks the occurrence of permanent sanctification, which results in a departure of a person from sin. McQuilkin summarizes Keswick view as a balanced opinion on different Biblical ideas of sanctification appeared through the development of the Christian culture.The dispensational view is researched by John Walvoord, who emphasizes one factor generating differences in concepts of sanctification. He believes this factor to be the rate of a person’s transformation after achieving sanctification. The other views argue whether a person completely changes or some aspects from the previous experience still remain. Walvoord concludes this difference in the presence of â€Å"sin nature.† He defines â€Å"sin nature† as â€Å"The concept of a sin nature can probably best be summarized as a complex of human attributes that demonstrate a desire and predisposition to sin† (Walvoord 206). Dispensational point of view states that choices made in people’s life shorten or extend the way to sanctification, which eventually be achieved and a sanctified Christian will reflect Christ’s glory and perfection. Complete God’s perfection cannot be achieved through the sanctification process though; rather it gives an increasing assurance of a believer’s salvation through Holy Spirit. The result of this process is that a mighty work for God can be accomplished† (Walvoord 222).

Engineering Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engineering Strategy - Essay Example New product introduction strategies play a vital role in the success or failure of a new product in the market (Schneider & Yocum, 2004: 15). The Rover 75 was produced by the British automobile manufacturers, the Rover Group and the MG Rover. This model of vehicles was produced from 1998 to 2005. The compact executive car was introduced to the public in 1998 Birmingham Motor Show and the sales began in February 1999. Notably, it was the first rover to be sold in North America. As the vehicle was being introduced to the public, the manufacturers aimed at establishing a larger and more profitable market compared to the existing BMW series that were already a favorite to many. They had this factor in mind even during production and they had to make a car that was far much better than the BMW series. During the launch of the Rover 75, there was a speech that was meant at demeaning to financial standing of the British government to support the production of the Rover 75. The public took this to mean that the vehicle was substandard and would not match up to the BMW series. This thought definitely scared off many potential buyers and the manufacturers had to come up with better strategies to market their product (Jex, 2006: 98). The first introduction strategy they devised was introducing the model to the staff of the manufacturing company. These would be the immediate people who would get first-hand experience in what the car had to offer. From there, the staff and members of their family would extend information on the experience to those around them. This strategy worked as the car was soon embraced by the staff, their families and friends who created a good base for the market. The embrace that the Rover 75 got from this people eventually spilled over to the rest of the country and British as well. As early as 2000, the company recorded tremendous increase in sales

How technology is changing the way people commicate with one another Research Paper

How technology is changing the way people commicate with one another and conduct business - Research Paper Example Communication is one of the most important aspects in every society and it has been made easier and flexible by technology. Moreover, many people have been attracted to the business world because technology has made business transactions to become flexible and easier. Today, individuals can easily communicate or conduct business with anyone from any part of the world. This paper explores about ten academic sources to provide a thoughtful discussion on the possible impacts of communication and information technology on communication and business transactions. The first section of this paper is the introduction, and then the focus is on the how technology has changed how societal members communicate and conduct business followed by the conclusion. Today, smartphones, computers, laptops, and internet have formed part of our lives due to the development and advancement in technology. Advances in communication technology including computers and some software have enabled a significant shift in the way individuals or businesses communicate (Sinnreich, 2010). Technology is everywhere and it has completely revolutionized almost all aspects of our lives including the way we work, communicate, interact, and conduct business among others. It is the greatest change agents of the civilization of mankind since its development. Most people depend on various technological devices in order to perform their duties in the business environment. The most important aspect about technology is how it has helped us stay in touch with each other. For instance, today people can easily engage in various conversations at the same time and also individuals can communicate with others in the external world. This is a good thing especially for the busines s environment because it makes business transactions to be carried out faster and easily. There is rapid change in the social media and is establishing new trends

The basic guidelines that are specially relevant for aggressive equity Essay

The basic guidelines that are specially relevant for aggressive equity investors and conservative equity investors for investment decision - Essay Example In the need to understand these investment plans, this paper is aimed at evaluating the basic guidelines that are relevant for aggressive equity investors and conservative equity investors for the purpose of decision making. To begin with, aggressive equality investors actively play the game of equality in a vigorous way. Most of the time is spent in managing their portfolio than their consecutive counterparts. They are subjected to high risks; the calculations are in albeit manner aimed at earning big return rates (Chandra, 2009). For the aggressive equality investors, the following general guidelines are relevant in their investment plans for appropriate decision making. The first guideline is to focus on investments that one understands to play their own game. According to Prasanna Chandra (2009, p. 670), â€Å"an investor should always know about the specific company they are investing in, more than the current market does in order to successfully manage their investments.† Therefore, an investor must clearly make a decision on what to focus on. Therefore, decision making is the main key to successful investments. The choices of making decisions are diverse. They include deciding to concentrate on growth, value, multinational companies, small companies, public sector companies, high grade bonds, or low grade bonds. In choosing any of these strategies an investor should be mindful of the basic rules. These rules include being thorough, tough minded, being flexible in knowing the deal about any company one is buying into, and buying when the company is not understood by the existing market is a fundamental idea to keep in mind (Chandra, 2009) . As argued by Candara, one should play the game that one is best in, advocating that an investor should do things as an analyst who is best in doing something. For instance, if an investor can foretell the most important development in the

Economics and Environmental Hazards Essay Example for Free

Economics and Environmental Hazards Essay In the 21st century, global warming, littering, waste, and temperature rises have been the subject of focus for many scientists. While examining the many causes of global warming, scientists found fossil fuel emissions and CO2 emissions to be a major cause. Although Earth is known as the Blue Planet for its vast water sources, much of that water is saltwater. Only 3% of the Earth is fresh water, and 70% of that is in glacial ice, unreachable by most. Thus, only 0. 5% of the Earth is made of usable freshwater. This limited amount of water is unsuitable for the world’s expanding population. Much of this water, however, can be easily conserved by switching from bottled water to tap water. Through using tap water and conserving plastic, we can save 27 times the amount of water we currently are saving, and use water sources wisely so as to not run out. Literature Review In the 1930s, the subjects of global warming, water, and lack of resources for fossil fuels became concern for Americans. The New York Times ran their first global warming article in 1929, when it first was considered a myth. Now that global warming has become a major concern for people, we realize how much we have wasted nature’s resources- especially water. Although 75% percent of the Earth is made up of water, less than 1% is drinkable and accessible by people. Countless blogs, websites, newspapers, and academic journals, such as the Journal of Dental Association (2003) and BioMed Central (2009), describe how our thoughtless actions have led to water depletion. Through processing, we waste 26 liters of water to get 1 liter of bottled water. The bottles are made in China using crude oil and transported thousands of miles on oil-eating machines, causing the ozone layer to melt. There are now seldom disputes to the existence of ozone depletion, and media uses print and internet to support the cutting down on bottled water. Bottled Water: Economics and Environmental Hazards. Thousands of years ago, water was a gift from the gods, to be saved and cherished. It allowed ancient civilizations to grow into structured societies, and gave people the ability to survive on domesticating animals and growing plants. Today, in the modern world, water is often taken for granted, and has become a daily thing of our lives. We see water fountains everywhere, and bottled water can be purchased in bulk. However, at the current rate we are using water, freshwater amounts are likely to decimate. This gift from the gods has brought environmental harm to the world and wasted the money of thousands of people. Thus, in order to protect the environment and save our own money, we must make good choices and switch from excessively using bottled water to using tap water. One of the top reasons people often buy bottled water is because of the convenience it provides (Ferrier, 2001, pp. 118-119). Easy life is what the entire economy runs on, as we have seen from the declining economy. As income lessens, people are reverting back to an older lifestyle of doing things themselves instead of purchasing services and goods. While bottled water may taste better because of chemicals that companies add in, it also costs significantly more. A New York Times reporter calculated that eight glasses of New York City tap water were about 49 cents a year, but 8 glasses of bottled water would be 2,900 times more expensive- as much as $1,400 per year. Because water is something that every household needs, it is reasonable to conclude that by switching to bottled water, families could cut their water expenses in half (Helm, 2008) and America as a whole could save. The high costs of purchasing bottled water are often due to the processing that bottled water must go through and the costs of shipping and plastic. Instead of drinking water from a local river or other water source, people choose to drink water shipped from Fiji, where extra charge is added for shipping. The plastic that is used to make the bottle also adds charge. A replacement for this kind of convenience is drinking from the bottles and then continuously refilling them to save your money and the environment. According to the Container Recycling Institute, 85% of water bottles in the United States end up in landfills (cited in Aslam, 2006). Unfortunately, plastic takes up to 1,000 years to decompose and the fuel emissions that delivery trucks emanate destroy the ozone layer. Even more smog and smoke is given off by the manufacturing plant, contributing to global warming, evaporation of our current freshwater supply, and melting/mixing of glacial freshwater and ocean water. About 70% of freshwater is in glacial ice, and as a result of temperatures rising, the freshwater melts, mixing in with saltwater and becoming undrinkable until further chemical processing. Another common myth about bottled water is that it is healthier. A study conducted by University of Birmingham researchers found that â€Å"†¦The majority of participants believed that bottled water has some health benefits but that they were not necessarily significant or superior to the benefits provided by tap water† (BioMed Central, 2009). The participants, users of the university’s sports center, stated that the health benefits of bottled water were negligible, and it was taste and convenience that truly motivated them to buy bottled water. Some research even suggests the opposite- that bottled water is less beneficial to health than tap water. While communities actively add in fluoride – a cavity fighter- to the water supply, the majority of bottled water contains little to no fluoride (Rugg-Gunn, 2003). Many large water companies currently undergo processes such as distillation and/or osmosis – both remove all fluoride from the water (American Dental Association, 2003). Since we now know that bottled water is not healthier than other water sources, we must reflect again on the numerous drawbacks of bottled water. Landfills continue to grow and grow, leading to larger emissions of ozone-depleting gases (Sarma, 2002). Birds and other small animals choke on plastic, mistaking it for food, and also die as a result. The ecosystem is dying as a result. The world works as a whole, a cycle, a circle. The consequences of our actions will always come back to bite us, or in the case of water, our posterity when they have low water supply. Conserving water today will benefit people later. In addition, as we become closer and closer to high UV radiation exposure and losing our ozone layer, scientists are frantically trying to build labs, gather money, and conduct extensive research about how to conserve the environment and water. By not procrastinating, and saving plastic and water resources now, we will save great amounts of money. The exotic island of Fiji is known for its pure, fresh, crisp water, even to Americans who live thousands of miles away. A 16 ounce bottle of Fiji water currently costs from $1. 50 to $2. 50. At a rate like that, when we are at the edge of the Great Lakes and other vast water sources, but purchase water from the other side of the world, our money is being sold away to foreign countries. Most of 2. 7 million tons of plastic used for bottling and packaging come from China (Aslam, 2006). The result is a national economic breakdown, not only in the water industry, but in all industries, since people cannot cut down on the amount of water they need to drink. It takes 63 million gallons of oil per year to manufacture water bottles (Niman, 2007). That is not only more water than Fijians themselves drink that we are buying, but also 63 million extra gallons of oil and plastic that we toss away. Ironically, one third of Fijians are in destitution and lack the amount of water they need. Because one liter of bottled water uses 26 liters of water, one kilogram of fossil fuel, and one pound of CO2 (Thangham, 2007), little is left for the Fijians in destitute. This is true for not only Fiji waters, but all waters in the world. In 2007, Fiji, one of the world’s most popular drinking water sources, became the first bottled water company to release its carbon footprint -85,396 metric tons of CO2eq (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2008). Imagine the carbon footprint total for the world, or even the United States. Perhaps American water companies have not released their carbon footprints because of how overwhelmingly large they are. If we could cut down on how much bottled and imported water we drank, we could preserve a large amount of water for the future.